Listen to the text Civilizations and do the task from Exercise 3.0:52
Nearly a hundred years ago, in the 1920s, the British archaeologist Gordon Child worked out a theory explaining how a culture transforms into a civilization.1:03
He wrote that a civilization is characterized by the invention of writing, mathematics, monumental architecture, long distance trade, wheeled carts, irrigation technology and some other features.1:17
Modern scholars say that a civilization has the following basic social division of the society, political and religious structures and administration of the territories a complex division of labor with full time artisans, soldiers and administrators.1:34
Anthropologists in the 19th century formulated a theory of cultural evolution in which they divided human development into three1:56
savagery, barbarism and civilization.2:07
Speaking of civilizations, they mentioned only the Egyptian, Assyrian, Greek and Roman peoples of antiquity.2:12
Within the past 100 years, archaeological research has more than doubled the list.2:23
Historians have differed greatly in deciding how many civilizations there were in the past.2:31
Nowadays, scholars study not only civilizations of the Western world going back to ancient ancient Greece and Rome, but also the civilizations of Islam, Byzantium, India, China, Japan and the African kingdoms.2:38
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