Text 1 Sir Alexander Fleming is a British bacteriologist.0:07
He was born in Scotland in 1881 and received his degree from St Mary's Hospital in London.0:12
During World War I he began searching for antibacterial substances.0:19
In 1928 he made his great discovery.0:24
He found penicillin, which could attack staphylococcus culture and stop the bacteria's growth.0:28
He named the antibiotic Penicillin.0:34
The new medicine was effective against many bacteria, harmful to humans and saved a lot of lives.0:37
He got the Nobel Prize in 1945.0:44
Text 2 Pierre de Fermat was born in France.0:50
He made important discoveries in analytic geometry and number theory.0:55
Mathematics was only a hobby for Fermat, who was a lawyer and government official for most of his life.1:01
Fermat's greatest work was in number theory.1:07
He is especially remembered for his last theorem, for which proof could not be found for a long time.1:11
Fermat's theorem was proved only in 1995 by a Briton, Sir Andrew John Wiles.1:18
Fermat published almost nothing during his lifetime.1:26
He described his discoveries mostly in letters to friends.1:29
Text 3 Euclid lived in about 300 BC in Greece.1:36
He is one of the most famous mathematicians of all time.1:42
Very little is known about his life.1:46
We just know that he taught in Alexandria, Egypt and wrote a mathematics textbook called the Elements, an introductory work on elementary geometry and other topics.1:48
His textbook begins with definitions, postulates and axioms which are still studied by modern pupils.1:59
It is believed that Euclid did not make any original discoveries, but he managed to give the works of other mathematicians a new form.2:06
Text 4 the famous Swedish biologist Carlos Linnaeus lived in the 18th century.2:17
He made two great contributions to the field of natural the classification of all known plants and animals and worked out the system of scientific names to each plant and animal.2:25
The system called binomial nomenclature gives a two word Latin name to each organism.2:37
His famous book contains the classification of more than 4,000 animals, even human beings.2:45
It was Linnaeus in this work who first gave humans the scientific name homo sapiens.2:52
Text 5 Scottish physicist James Clark Maxwell, a 19th century scientist, taught revolutionary work in electromagnetism and the kinetic theory of gases.3:00
He graduated with a degree in mathematics from Cambridge and began teaching in universities.3:14
Maxwell's first major contribution to science was the study of Saturn's rings, the nature of which was much debated.3:21
He was also able to formulate the kinetic theory of gases.3:30
This theory showed that temperatures and heat involved only molecular movement.3:35
Another of his great achievements was the development of Michael Faraday's theory of electricity and magnetism.3:40
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